---
title: Taxonomies
description: Returns a data structure containing the site's Taxonomy objects, the terms within each Taxonomy object, and the pages to which the terms are assigned.
categories: []
keywords: []
params:
  functions_and_methods:
    returnType: page.TaxonomyList
    signatures: [SITE.Taxonomies]
---

Conceptually, the `Taxonomies` method on a `Site` object returns a data structure such as:

<!-- markdownlint-disable MD007 MD032 -->
{{< code-toggle file=hugo >}}
taxonomy a:
  - term 1:
    - page 1
    - page 2
  - term 2:
    - page 1
taxonomy b:
  - term 1:
    - page 2
  - term 2:
    - page 1
    - page 2
{{< /code-toggle >}}
<!-- markdownlint-enable MD007 MD032 -->

For example, on a book review site you might create two taxonomies; one for genres and another for authors.

With this project configuration:

{{< code-toggle file=hugo >}}
[taxonomies]
genre = 'genres'
author = 'authors'
{{< /code-toggle >}}

And this content structure:

```tree
content/
├── books/
│   ├── and-then-there-were-none.md --> genres: suspense
│   ├── death-on-the-nile.md        --> genres: suspense
│   └── jamaica-inn.md              --> genres: suspense, romance
│   └── pride-and-prejudice.md      --> genres: romance
└── _index.md
```

Conceptually, the taxonomies data structure looks like:

<!-- markdownlint-disable MD007 MD032 -->
{{< code-toggle file=hugo >}}
genres:
  - suspense:
    - And Then There Were None
    - Death on the Nile
    - Jamaica Inn
  - romance:
    - Jamaica Inn
    - Pride and Prejudice
authors:
  - achristie:
    - And Then There Were None
    - Death on the Nile
  - ddmaurier:
    - Jamaica Inn
  - jausten:
    - Pride and Prejudice
{{< /code-toggle >}}
<!-- markdownlint-enable MD007 MD032 -->

To list the "suspense" books:

```go-html-template
<ul>
  {{ range .Site.Taxonomies.genres.suspense }}
    <li><a href="{{ .RelPermalink }}">{{ .LinkTitle }}</a></li>
  {{ end }}
</ul>
```

Hugo renders this to:

```html
<ul>
  <li><a href="/books/and-then-there-were-none/">And Then There Were None</a></li>
  <li><a href="/books/death-on-the-nile/">Death on the Nile</a></li>
  <li><a href="/books/jamaica-inn/">Jamaica Inn</a></li>
</ul>
```

> [!NOTE]
> Hugo's taxonomy system is powerful, allowing you to classify content and create relationships between pages.
>
> Please see the [taxonomies][] section for a complete explanation and examples.

## Examples

### List content with the same taxonomy term

If you are using a taxonomy for something like a series of posts, you can list individual pages associated with the same term. For example:

```go-html-template
<ul>
  {{ range .Site.Taxonomies.series.golang }}
    <li><a href="{{ .Page.RelPermalink }}">{{ .Page.Title }}</a></li>
  {{ end }}
</ul>
```

### List all content in a given taxonomy

This is useful in a sidebar as "featured content". You could even have different sections of "featured content" by assigning different terms to the content.

```go-html-template
<section id="menu">
  <ul>
    {{ range $term, $taxonomy := .Site.Taxonomies.featured }}
      <li>{{ $term }}</li>
      <ul>
        {{ range $taxonomy.Pages }}
          <li><a href="{{ .RelPermalink }}">{{ .LinkTitle }}</a></li>
        {{ end }}
      </ul>
    {{ end }}
  </ul>
</section>
```

### Render a site's taxonomies

The following example displays all terms in a site's tags taxonomy:

```go-html-template
<ul>
  {{ range .Site.Taxonomies.tags }}
    <li><a href="{{ .Page.Permalink }}">{{ .Page.Title }}</a> {{ .Count }}</li>
  {{ end }}
</ul>
```

This example will list all taxonomies and their terms, as well as all the content assigned to each of the terms.

```go-html-template {file="layouts/_partials/all-taxonomies.html"}
{{ with .Site.Taxonomies }}
  {{ $numberOfTerms := 0 }}
  {{ range $taxonomy, $terms := . }}
    {{ $numberOfTerms = len . | add $numberOfTerms }}
  {{ end }}

  {{ if gt $numberOfTerms 0 }}
    <ul>
      {{ range $taxonomy, $terms := . }}
        {{ with $terms }}
          <li>
            <a href="{{ .Page.RelPermalink }}">{{ .Page.LinkTitle }}</a>
            <ul>
              {{ range $term, $weightedPages := . }}
                <li>
                  <a href="{{ .Page.RelPermalink }}">{{ .Page.LinkTitle }}</a>
                  <ul>
                    {{ range $weightedPages }}
                      <li><a href="{{ .RelPermalink }}">{{ .LinkTitle }}</a></li>
                    {{ end }}
                  </ul>
                </li>
              {{ end }}
            </ul>
          </li>
        {{ end }}
      {{ end }}
    </ul>
  {{ end }}
{{ end }}
```

[taxonomies]: /content-management/taxonomies/