---
title: Page bundles
description: Use page bundles to logically associate one or more resources with content.
categories: []
keywords: []
---

## Introduction

A page bundle is a directory that encapsulates both content and associated resources.

By way of example, this site has an `about` page and a `privacy` page:

```tree
content/
├── about/
│   ├── index.md
│   └── welcome.jpg
└── privacy.md
```

The `about` page is a page bundle. It logically associates a resource with content by bundling them together. Resources within a page bundle are [page resources][], accessible with the [`Resources`][] method on the `Page` object.

Page bundles are either _leaf bundles_ or _branch bundles_.

leaf bundle
: A _leaf bundle_ is a directory that contains an `index.md` file and zero or more resources. Analogous to a physical leaf, a leaf bundle is at the end of a branch. It has no descendants.

branch bundle
: A _branch bundle_ is a directory that contains an `_index.md` file and zero or more resources. Analogous to a physical branch, a branch bundle may have descendants including leaf bundles and other branch bundles. Top-level directories with or without `_index.md` files are also branch bundles. This includes the home page.

> [!NOTE]
> In the definitions above and the examples below, the extension of the index file depends on the [content format](g). For example, use `index.md` for Markdown content, `index.html` for HTML content, `index.adoc` for AsciiDoc content, etc.

## Comparison

Page bundle characteristics vary by bundle type.

|                     | Leaf bundle                                            | Branch bundle                                           |
|---------------------|--------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------|
| Index file          | `index.md`                                             | `_index.md`                                             |
| Example             | `content/about/index.md`                               | `content/posts/_index.md`                               |
| [Page kinds](g)     | `page`                                                 | `home`, `section`, `taxonomy`, or `term`                |
| Template types      | [single][]                                             | [home][], [section][], [taxonomy][], or [term][]        |
| Descendant pages    | None                                                   | Zero or more                                            |
| Resource location   | Adjacent to the index file or in a nested subdirectory | Same as a leaf bundles, but excludes descendant bundles |
| [Resource types](g) | `page`, `image`, `video`, etc.                         | all but `page`                                          |

Files with [resource type](g) `page` include content written in Markdown, HTML, AsciiDoc, Pandoc, reStructuredText, and Emacs Org Mode. In a leaf bundle, excluding the index file, these files are only accessible as page resources. In a branch bundle, these files are only accessible as content pages.

## Leaf bundles

A _leaf bundle_ is a directory that contains an `index.md` file and zero or more resources. Analogous to a physical leaf, a leaf bundle is at the end of a branch. It has no descendants.

```tree
content/
├── about
│   └── index.md
├── posts
│   ├── my-post
│   │   ├── content-1.md
│   │   ├── content-2.md
│   │   ├── image-1.jpg
│   │   ├── image-2.png
│   │   └── index.md
│   └── my-other-post
│       └── index.md
└── another-section
    ├── foo.md
    └── not-a-leaf-bundle
        ├── bar.md
        └── another-leaf-bundle
            └── index.md
```

There are four leaf bundles in the example above:

about
: This leaf bundle does not contain any page resources.

my-post
: This leaf bundle contains an index file, two resources of [resource type](g) `page`, and two resources of resource type `image`.

  - content-1, content-2

    These are resources of resource type `page`, accessible via the [`Resources`][] method on the `Page` object. Hugo will not render these as individual pages.

  - image-1, image-2

    These are resources of resource type `image`, accessible via the `Resources` method on the `Page` object

my-other-post
: This leaf bundle does not contain any page resources.

another-leaf-bundle
: This leaf bundle does not contain any page resources.

> [!NOTE]
> Create leaf bundles at any depth within the `content` directory, but a leaf bundle may not contain another bundle. Leaf bundles do not have descendants.

## Branch bundles

A _branch bundle_ is a directory that contains an `_index.md` file and zero or more resources. Analogous to a physical branch, a branch bundle may have descendants including leaf bundles and other branch bundles. Top-level directories with or without `_index.md` files are also branch bundles. This includes the home page.

```tree
content/
├── branch-bundle-1/
│   ├── _index.md
│   ├── content-1.md
│   ├── content-2.md
│   ├── image-1.jpg
│   └── image-2.png
├── branch-bundle-2/
│   ├── a-leaf-bundle/
│   │   └── index.md
│   └── _index.md
└── _index.md
```

There are three branch bundles in the example above:

home page
: This branch bundle contains an index file, two descendant branch bundles, and no resources.

branch-bundle-1
:  This branch bundle contains an index file, two resources of [resource type](g) `page`, and two resources of resource type `image`.

branch-bundle-2
: This branch bundle contains an index file and a leaf bundle.

> [!NOTE]
> Create branch bundles at any depth within the `content` directory. Branch bundles may have descendants.

## Headless bundles

Use [build options][] in front matter to create an unpublished leaf or branch bundle whose content and resources you can include in other pages.

[`Resources`]: /methods/page/resources/
[build options]: /content-management/build-options/
[home]: /templates/types/#home
[page resources]: /content-management/page-resources/
[section]: /templates/types/#section
[single]: /templates/types/#single
[taxonomy]: /templates/types/#taxonomy
[term]: /templates/types/#term